TY - BOOK AU - Tracy, Sarah J AU - Tracy, Sarah J. TI - Qualitative Research Methods: :Collecting Evidence Crafting Analysis Communicating Impact SN - 978119390787 U1 - 001.42 TRA PY - 2020/// CY - USA PB - :Blackwell Wiley KW - Knowledge KW - Social sciences -- Research -- Methodology KW - Research KW - Qualitative Research N1 - Machine generated contents note: Overview and introduction -- Three core qualitative concepts: self-reflexivity, context, and thick description -- Self-reflexivity -- Context -- Thick description -- How qualitative research is distinct from quantitative research -- A phronetic approach: doing qualitative research that matters -- Strengths of qualitative research -- Qualitative research is useful in a variety of jobs, settings, and disciplinary foci -- Exercise 1.1 Interviewing a friend, colleague, or classmate -- Moving from ideas to sites, settings, and participants -- Sources of research ideas -- Exercise 1.2 Field/site/participant brainstorm -- Consider This 1.1 Sources of research ideas -- Compatibility, yield, suitability, and feasibility -- Researcher's Notepad 1.1 Negotiating challenges with rare or hidden populations -- Tips and Tools 1.1 Factoring the ease of fieldwork -- Moving toward a research question -- Researcher's Notepad 1.2 Published examples of research questions -- Considering collaboration -- Exercise 1.3 Early research question brainstorm -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- Exercise 1.4 Three potential field sites and/or participant groups -- In summary -- Inductive/emic, deductive/etic, and abductive/iterative approaches -- The funnel metaphor -- Sensitizing concepts -- Exercise 2.1 A quick dip into the field -- A complex focus on the whole -- Naturalistic inquiry -- Thick description -- Bricolage -- A sampling of theoretical approaches that commonly use qualitative methods -- Symbolic interactionism -- Consider This 2.1 How do I know myself? -- Structuration theory -- Consider This 2.2 Why am I standing in line? -- Exercise 2.2 Action vs. structure -- Sensemaking -- Historical matters and current conversations in qualitative research -- The early days -- Ethically problematic research and the creation of the IRB -- Recent history in academia and the private sector -- Current conversations: ethics, post-qualitative research, big data -- In summary -- Exercise 2.3 Research problems and questions -- Paradigms: positivist, interpretive, critical, postmodern -- Positivist and post-positivist paradigms -- Interpretive paradigm -- Exercise 3.1 Verstehen/Understanding -- Critical paradigm -- Postmodern and other "post" paradigms -- Consider This 3.1 Whose stylistic rules? -- Paradigmatic complexities and intersections -- Exercise 3.2 Assumptions of paradigmatic approaches -- Key territories and approaches of qualitative research -- Case study -- Grounded theory -- Ethnography and ethnography of communication -- Phenomenology -- Participatory action research -- Narrative inquiry and autoethnography -- Creative, performative, and arts-based approaches -- In summary -- Planning the data collection: fieldwork, interviews, texts, and visuals -- The value of fieldwork and "participant witnessing" -- The value of interviews -- Consider This 4.1 Yin and yang: taijitu -- The value of textual analysis and cultural studies -- The value of visual and arts-based materials -- Developing a sampling plan: who, what, where, how, and when -- Random samples and representative samples -- Convenience/opportunistic samples -- Maximum variation samples -- Snowball samples -- Theoretical-construct samples -- Typical, extreme, deviant, and critical incident samples -- Tips and Tools 4.1 Sampling plans -- How and when to choose your sample -- Ethics and institutional review boards (IRB) -- Research instruments, informed consent, and confidentiality -- Different levels of ethical risk and IRB review -- The quirks of IRB -- Creating a research proposal -- Tips and Tools 4.2 Research proposal components -- Title, abstract, and key words -- Introduction/rationale -- Exercise 4.1 Conceptual cocktail party -- Literature review/conceptual framework -- Research questions/foci -- Methodology and methods -- Tips and Tools 4.3 What belongs in a qualitative methods section? -- Budget/timeline -- Tips and Tools 4.4 What to include in a qualitative project budget -- Projected outcomes -- In summary -- Confessional tales that illustrate common challenges of access and consent -- Riding my mentor's coattails: Citywest 911 emergency call-takers -- Becoming a full participant: the Radiant Sun cruise ship -- Entering a closed organization: Women's Minimum and Nouveau Jail -- Accessing an elite interviewee population surrounding a delicate topic -- Practical considerations of negotiating access -- Do some homework before approaching the scene -- Researcher's Notepad 5.1 Contact information log -- Please don't reject me! Seeking research permission -- Researcher's Notepad 5.2 Sample access proposal -- Virtual "access" versus textual harvesting -- Negotiating access for interviews -- Abandoning the ego, engaging embodiment, embracing liminality -- Exercise 5.1 Self-identity audit -- Navigating those first research interactions -- Researcher's Notepad 5.3 Initial reactions speak volumes -- Relationship building with participants -- Seeking informed consent in the scene -- Tips and Tools 5.1 Navigating the beginning of the qualitative research project -- Exploratory methods -- Briefing interviews and participant information table -- Researcher's Notepad 5.4 Participant information table -- Member diaries -- Maps and narrative tours -- Exercise 5.2 Map and narrative tour -- In summary -- Field roles and standpoints -- Complete participant -- Play participant -- Focused witness -- Consider This 6.1 When playing is uncomfortable -- Complete witness -- Visual and virtual aspects of fieldwork -- Writing fieldnotes: raw records, headnotes, and formal fieldnotes -- Raw records and headnotes -- Exercise 6.1 Taking raw records in the scene -- Formal fieldnotes -- Researcher's Notepad 6.1 Fieldnote header -- Qualities of good fieldnotes -- Economy versus detail -- Showing (and using dialogue) versus telling -- Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar -- Noticing the data as evidence -- Analytic reflections -- Consider This 6.2 Noticing the data as evidence -- Fieldnote wrap-up -- Tips and Tools 6.1 Fieldnote writing tips -- Focusing the data and using heuristic devices -- Exercise 6.2 Fieldnotes -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- In summary -- Self-reflexivity in interviews -- Exercise 7.1 Self-reflexive interviewing -- Interview structure, type, and stance -- Level of structure in interviews -- Interview types: ethnographic, informant, respondent, narrative, discursive -- Interview stances: naivete, collaborative, pedagogical, responsive, confrontational -- Interview guide and question wording -- Tips and Tools 7.1 Interview structure, types, and stances -- Wording good questions -- Exercise 7.2 Strategizing interviews -- Researcher's Notepad 7.1 Research questions versus interview questions -- Interview questions: types, purposes, examples, and sequencing -- Opening the interview -- Tips and Tools 7.2 Interview question types -- Generative questions -- Directive questions -- Closing the interview -- Interview question wrap-up -- Visual, embodied, and experiential approaches -- Researcher's Notepad 7.2 Mobile peripatetic interviews -- How many interviews are "enough"? -- In summary -- Exercise 7.3 Interview schedule or guide -- Conducting face-to-face interviews -- Interview logistics -- Why good interviewing is so much more than asking questions -- Technologically mediated approaches to interviewing -- Strengths of mediated interviews -- Disadvantages of mediated interviews -- Tips and Tools 8.1 Mediated interviews: advantages and disadvantages -- The focus-group interview -- The value of focus groups -- When to use focus groups -- Planning focus groups -- Facilitating the focus group -- Tips and Tools 8.2 Logistics of formal focus groups -- Overcoming common focus group and interviewing challenges -- Exercise 8.1 Practicing focus groups -- Researcher's Notepad 8.1 Remedial-pedagogical interviews -- Transcribing -- Exercise 8.2 Role-playing interview challenges in a fishbowl -- Tips and Tools 8.3 Common transcribing symbols -- In summary -- A phronetic iterative analysis approach -- Organizing and preparing the data -- Coding: what it is and how to start -- Consider This 9.1 Motivating questions and coding domains -- Analysis logistics: colors, cutting, or computers? -- Manual approaches -- Researcher's Notepad 9.1 Manual coding visual displays: Artistic canvas and tabletop categories -- Computer-aided approaches with everyday software -- Primary-cycle coding, coding question start list, and first-level descriptive codes -- Focusing the analysis and creating a codebook -- Researcher's Notepad 9.2 Codebook excerpt -- Consider This 9.2 Focusing the data analysis -- Secondary-cycle coding: second-level analytic and axial/hierarchical codes -- Exercise 9.1 Grouping together codes via axial and hierarchical coding -- Synthesizing activities: memos, negative cases, and analytic outlines -- Researcher's Notepad 9.3 Analytic memos -- Researcher's Notepad 9.4 Loose analysis outline -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- In summary -- Exercise 9.2 Iterative analysis basics -- Advanced logistical tools for data analysis -- Visual data displays -- Researcher's Notepad 10.1 Matrix display -- Tips and Tools 10.1 Flowchart depicting iterative analysis process -- Computer-aided qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) -- Exemplars and vignettes -- Developing typologies -- Dramatistic strategy and narrative analysis -- Tips and Tools 10.2 Questions to inspire narrative analysis -- Metaphor analysis -- Explanation and causality -- Discourse tracing -- Researcher's Notepad 10.2 Micro, meso, macro sources -- A post-qualitative analysis: deconstructionism and arts-based research -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- In summary -- Exercise 10.1 Advanced data analysis/interpretation Note continued: Moving beyond objectivity, reliability, and formal generalizability -- Eight "big tent" criteria for high quality qualitative research -- Tips and Tools 11.1 Eight "big tent" criteria for excellent qualitative research -- Worthy topic -- Rich rigor -- Sincerity -- Exercise 11.1 Gauging worth and rigor -- Self-reflexivity -- Transparency -- Researcher's Notepad 11.1 Sincerity word cloud -- Credibility -- Thick description -- Crystallization or triangulation (NOT both at the same time) -- Multivocality -- Tips and Tools 11.2 Intercoder reliability -- Member reflections (NOT member "checks") -- Resonance -- Transferability and naturalistic generalization -- Aesthetic merit -- Significant contribution -- Ethical research practice -- Procedural ethics -- Exercise 11.2 Articulating and gauging significance -- Situational ethics -- Consider This 11.1 Situational and relational ethics -- Meaningful coherence -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- Consider This 11.2 The ten lies of ethnography -- In summary -- Theorizing, brainstorming, explaining -- Exercise 12.1 Words push back on us: a creative analytic exercise -- Exercise 12.2 Theorizing via bracketing, abduction, metaphor, and explaining -- Types of tales: realist, impressionistic/poetic, confessional/autoethnographic -- The realist tale -- Creative, impressionist, and literary tales -- The confessional tale -- Researcher's Notepad 12.1 Poetic inquiry -- Archaeology of a "traditional" qualitative essay -- Researcher's Notepad 12.2 Dialogue as a powerful literary tactic -- Exercise 12.3 Accidental rewrites -- Writing the framing material: title, abstract, key words -- Writing the introduction, the literature review, and the conceptual framework -- Writing the research methodology and method(s) -- Findings and analysis: choosing an organizational approach -- Researcher's Notepad 12.3 Methods data display -- Themes/topics -- Chronology/life-story -- Convergence/braided narrative -- Puzzle explication strategy -- Separated text -- Layered/messy texts -- Exercise 12.4 Which writing strategy? -- Conclusions, implications, limitations, and future research -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- In summary -- Writing as a method of inquiry -- How to write and format qualitative research -- Choosing the research materials -- Rich, luminous, and thick representations -- Structuring the data in sections, paragraphs, and sentences -- Exercise 13.1 Writing from different perspectives and verb tenses -- Formatting qualitative work -- Visual representations and art -- Researcher's Notepad 13.1 Visual representation -- Setting yourself up for success by considering the audience first -- Exercise 13.2 Article format model -- Submitting, revising, and resubmitting for journal publication -- Tips and Tools 13.1 National or international journals that have published qualitative communication research (an incomplete list) -- Rise and grind: overcoming common writing and submission challenges -- How to write a lot -- Addressing common challenges in qualitative writing -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- In summary -- Navigating exit and research disengagement -- Give notice and say goodbye -- Exits can be emotional -- Don't spoil the scene -- Give back -- Researcher's Notepad 14.1 Thank you note -- Ethically delivering the findings -- Public scholarship: crafting representations that move beyond the scholarly essay -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- Public scholarship -- Staged performances -- Researcher's Notepad 14.2 Staged performance with impact -- Films -- White papers and translated essays -- Tips and Tools 14.1 White papers -- Grant applications and reports -- Consulting and private sector ethnography -- Media relations -- Exercise 14.1 Six-word stories -- Web presence -- Warning: doing research that matters can be terrifying -- Overcoming lingering obstacles to public scholarship -- Exercise 14.2 Making an impact via public scholarship -- Following, Forgetting, And Improvising -- In summary N2 - "Qualitative Research Methods is a comprehensive, all-inclusive resource for theoretical underpinnings and practical conduct of qualitative methodology. Along with providing clear and concise guidance on how to design and theoretically grounded research studies, write proposals, and navigate ethical challenges, qualitative methodology expert Sarah J. Tracy also offers invaluable tips for recruiting participants, practicing fieldwork, and conducting interviews and focus groups. Easy-to-follow steps are provided for iterative data analysis, describing in detail how to move between theory and data in primary, secondary, and advanced coding cycles, ad in doing so, make meaning and build theory. Finally, the book provides insight on multiple ways to write and represent qualitative research for the greatest scholarly, professional, and social impact. Featuring an engaging writing style, in-depth examples from the author's own practice and a variety of topic areas, and a wealth of classroom activities, Qualitative Research Methods is an essential resource for novice and experienced researches alike"- ER -